One of the great mysteries of the universe is why particles have precisely constant properties such as mass and magnetic moment for an electron everywhere in the universe, regardless of whether we are at the scale of electrodynamics or in the vast scale of electron jets from giant black holes. I have uncovered how the creation operator of quantum field theory may hold the secret as to why this happens.
I am definitely not the first to propose that gravity is an illusion, but I think I make the best case for it that I have seen. Einstein showed how space (R3) and time both act as interconnected dimensions, from which their curvature successfully derives gravitational effects. Since we only experience one moment in time, I have made the case ( see https://agemozphysics.com/2023/02/14/gravity-and-the-activation-layer/ and agemozphysics.com/2023/03/25/elementary-particles-and-gravity/ ) that this moment we experience is a 3D hyperspace in 4D spacetime, and that this hyperspace is moving along the time dimension. The effect we call gravity results in curved paths for object motion, but the fact that even static objects experience gravitational forces leads me to conclude that the hyperspace motion along the time dimension of curved spacetime is responsible for all gravitational effects. If we can answer why mass and energy curve spacetime, we can show how gravity becomes an illusory effect similar to centrifugal force even for stationary objects.
To do this, we have to have a detailed description for particles that doesn’t currently exist. By far the most important question I have ever considered is why particles such as the electron all have precisely the same mass, charge, and magnetic moment. From the scale of subatomic interactions all the way to electron jets in giant black holes, the properties of the electron (and quarks, and so on) never change. Something is enforcing this constant property set throughout all the known universe over all known time. Another way to say this is that the electron rest mass is quantized to one and only one value. The rest mass of any collection of electrons is an exact multiple the mass of a single electron.
I used to think that the answer could be found in geometry and the constant speed of light, but after decades of study I have finally determined that particle property quantization cannot come from geometry. It can’t come from the speed of light either–there is always a rotating frame of reference for which the elementary particle will have a different velocity or rotation, yet have the same constant particle properties.
There is only one way in nature to achieve quantization like this: a rotation from and to a default lowest energy background state (ground state). The background state cannot lie in R3 without inducing observable frequencies while moving or rotating, so the only remaining workable candidate is if the background state lies in the time dimension.
I had hoped that uncovering the principles of the activation layer would point to why this quantization occurs–and indeed, it points the way–but it’s not the activation layer that does it. We need to look at Einstein’s prize winning discovery that photons are quantized to get a powerful clue as to what is happening. Photon energy is precisely defined by its wave frequency. Normally, a wave has both frequency and amplitude, but photons cannot have a variable amplitude while still conforming to E=hv. From this, and the realization that nature only does quantization via a background state rotation, I conclude that photons are unitary vector rotations from and to the background state. Polarization results from the photons rotation axis orientation relative to its direction of travel.
To get a constant electron mass, the same thing must happen, but it took quite a while to figure out how it could work. One of many ideas I considered was when I attempted to build in the activation layer a pulse or constant rate of rotation that would define the electron mass through all the universe (imagine the activation layer expanding in all directions as a result of the big bang, and that particles in R3 are like the iridescent interactions on the surface of a soap bubble)–but this doesn’t work. For one thing, how could this pulse stay precisely constant in all directions for all time, and be unchanged by the spacetime curvature induced by masses such as black holes? How can this effect remain even in different frames of reference? After a fruitless search for any way that could work, I finally came to the conclusion that the activation layer alone cannot hold the reason for quantization of particle properties.
The answer has to lie in the creation operator of quantum field theory. This operator can only produce a quantized mass particle if it causes a single rotation to and from the same background state as photons. It can do this if momentum and energy are conserved over an interval of time. Photons only have one twist in R3 as well as T to conform to the single rotation rule, but particles such as electrons will be induced where more dimensions of R3 are involved. Electrons have to form along with positrons–and would normally recombine unless there are impacts that separate the masses. We already know this happens by observing Hawking radiation. At the time of the big bang, there would be huge masses of collisions that prevent great masses of particle-antiparticle pairs from recombining. It can also happen in our current time whenever an electron-positron pair form in a high energy magnetic field or amidst a concentrated photon beam.
If there is sufficient energy, even combined sets of particles, such as quark configurations and more complex particle combinations, can form as long as the net result of a creation operator results in a single background state rotation. We see hints of this combined particle set subrotations with the +1/3, -2/3 charge of quarks in a proton. This would have happened en masse during the sea-of-quarks phase after the big bang, where the presence of massive quantities of energy in the form of photons and other particles would have blocked many quark-antiquark recombinations.
I think that the quantum field creator operator has to hold the secret why the values of particle masses and other properties could arise with such vast and precise consistency.
Agemoz
Tags: general relativity, general-relativity, physics, quantum, quantum theory, special relativity, special-relativity
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